Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
It is a type of Absorption
Spectroscopy in which Electromagnetic Radiation of UV region (l = 200 – 400 nm) or visible region (l = 400 – 800 nm) when passed through
a sample containing a multiple bond, a part of incident radiation is absorbed
by the sample (compound). Amount of absorbed Radiation Energy depends upon
Wavelength of radiation and nature of the sample (compound). The absorbed
radiation excites electron from lower energy level to higher energy level so
electrons transferred from bonding orbital to the anti-bonding orbital. The
amount of absorbed radiation is measured with spectrophotometer.
Spectrophotometer:-
Tungsten filament Lamp and hydrogen discharge lamp are used as source of
light (energy) for visible and Ultraviolet region respectively. Sample is hold
in a cell, generally cell is placed between slit of spectrophotometer. And
Chromohore :
Those
isolated groups which exhibit
characteristic absorption in UV region. So these group Absorb UV radiation and
known as chromophores. Generally they are covalently unsaturated groups
(contains double bonds).
Actually, those functional groups
that involve n-π*
and π-π* transitions are known as chromophores.
Auxochrome :
An
auxiliary group which shifts absorption band towards longer wavelength is known
as auxochrome. Auxochrome is a saturated group having non-bonding or
n-electrons which when attached to chromophore changes both the intensity of
bond and absorption maxima.
Some of the shifts in absorption
maxima have characteristic names like
1. Bathochromic shift :
The shifting of absorption bands
towards the longer wavelength is known as Bathochromic shift. It is also known
as Red shift.
2. Hypsochromic shift :
The shifting of absorption bands
towards the shorter wavelength is known as Hypsochromic shift. It is also known
as blue shift.
3. Hyperchromic shift :
If the presence of a group increases
the intensity of the intensity of the band. It is known as hyperchromic shift.
4. Hypochromic shift :
If the presence of a group decreases
the intensity of the intensity of the band. It is known as hypochromic shift.
Application of ultraviolet spectroscopy
1. Identification of a compound :
The absorption spectra of a compound
is its characteristic property. Value of l max at which maximum absorption take place is note
same for two compounds i.e. every compound have a particular wavelength at
which maximum absorption takes place. This property is used to identify a
compound. So a spectrum of unknown compound is compared with standard spectra
to identify a compound.
2. Identification of geometrical isomers :
cis
and trans isomer are differentiated
by the study of UV spectrum. In trans isomer
π-π* transition take place at the higher wavelength while in cis isomer it take place at lower
wavelength.
3. Calculating molecular weight of a compound :
Prepare
1% solution of organic compound and fill it in 1 cm thick cell and determine
its absorbance. Suppose A is absorbance, M is molecular weight then molar
concentration is c = 10/M, cell length l = 1 cm. According to Lambert-Beer’s
law-
A = ecl
A = e * (10/M) * 1
M = 10e/A
4. Study of reaction kinetics :
Study of reaction kinetics can be
made by studying the absorption spectrum of products and reactants time to
time. As l max for product and reactant is different so
their concentration can be measured at any stage of the reaction.
5. Functional group Analysis :
UV Spectroscopy is used in
identification of some functional groups.
6. Ascertaining of purity :
Every compound have a particular
Spectrum if additional bands are found then given compound is impure (on
comparison with standard Spectrum).
for more visit spectroscopy section at http://chemistrynotesinfo.blogspot.com/spectroscopy.html or http://chemistrynotesinfo.blogspot.in
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