10th Class- Carbon and its Compounds Xth Class Chemistry Notes Part-2

Class 10^th Chapter - Carbon and Its Compounds

 Chemistry of Bonding between Carbon and other atoms

                             Some elements (like halogens, sulpher, oxygen, nitrogen) replace hydrogen from carbon compounds. These elements which replace hydrogen are called as heteroatom.

This heteroatom’s may be present in single or group form and gives specific property to carbon compound and called as functional group. Function group attach to carbon compound by replacing hydrogen atom. 

List of Some Functional Group

Hetero-atom	Functional Group	Formula of Functional Group
Cl/Br/I	Halo-(Chloro/Bromo/Ido)	-Cl , -Br, -I
Oxygen	Alcohol	-OH
	Aldehyde	-CHO
	Ketone	-CO-
	Carboxylic Acid	-COOH

Homologous Series

                            When same functional group is present on carbon chains of varying length, such series of carbon compounds is known as homologous series.

Example- chemical properties of CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH, C₃H₇OH and C4H9OH are very similar.

Nomenclature of carbon compounds

                                                          To name any carbon compound just follow below steps-

Step1- Calculate no. of carbon atoms in carbon compound. For example

i.                   If carbon compound have 1 carbon atom then use prefix  Meth

ii.                If carbon compound have 2 carbon atom then use prefix use prefix Eth

iii.             If carbon compound have 3 carbon atom then use prefix Prop

iv.             If carbon compound have 4 carbon atom then use prefix But

v.                If carbon compound have 5 carbon atom then use prefix Pent

vi.             If carbon compound have 6 carbon atom then use prefix Hex

vii.          If carbon compound have 7 carbon atom then use prefix Hept

viii.       If carbon compound have 8 carbon atom then use prefix Oct

ix.             If carbon compound have 9 carbon atom then use prefix Non

x.                If carbon compound have 10 carbon atom then use prefix Dec

xi.             If carbon compound have 11 carbon atom then use prefix Undec

xii.          If carbon compound have 12 carbon atom then use prefix Dodec

xiii.       If carbon compound have 13 carbon atom then use prefix Tridec

xiv.        If carbon compound have 14 carbon atom then use prefix Tetradec

xv.           If carbon compound have 15 carbon atom then use prefix Pentadec

xvi.        If carbon compound have 20 carbon atom then use prefix Eicos

xvii.     If carbon compound have 30 carbon atom then use prefix Triacont

xviii.  If carbon compound have 40 carbon atom then use prefix Tetracont

xix.        If carbon compound have 50 carbon atom then use prefix Pentacont

Example- What is the name of CH₄,C₂H₆ ?

Number of carbon atom in CH₄ is 1 so use Meth and it is alkane so use ane so its name is Methane

Similarly,

Number of carbon atom in C₂H₆ is 2 so use Eth and it is alkane so use ane so its name is Ethane_.

Step2- if functional group is present in carbon compound then it is indicated by adding a prefix or a suffix for it as shown in below table-

Nomenclature of functional groups

Step3- if functional group is a suffix then removes ‘e’ from carbon chain name and add suffix.

Example- Propanone = Propan + One

Where,

          ‘Propan’ comes from propane – ‘e’ and, ‘one’ comes from ketone.

Step4- if the carbon compound is unsaturated then ‘ane’ from the name is replaced by ‘ene’ or by ‘yne’ for double or triple bond respectively.

Means ane for single bond, ene for double bond and yne for triple bond.

Carbon and its Compounds Part 1

   Carbon and its Compounds Part 3