Class 10th Chapter - Carbon and Its Compounds
Chemistry of Bonding between Carbon and other atoms
Some elements (like
halogens, sulpher, oxygen, nitrogen) replace hydrogen from carbon compounds. These
elements which replace hydrogen are called as heteroatom.
This
heteroatom’s may be present in single or group form and gives specific property
to carbon compound and called as functional group. Function group attach to
carbon compound by replacing hydrogen atom.
List of Some Functional Group
Hetero-atom
|
Functional
Group
|
Formula of
Functional Group
|
Cl/Br/I
|
Halo-(Chloro/Bromo/Ido)
|
-Cl , -Br, -I
|
Oxygen
|
Alcohol
|
-OH
|
Aldehyde
|
-CHO
|
|
Ketone
|
-CO-
|
|
Carboxylic Acid
|
-COOH
|
Homologous Series
When same
functional group is present on carbon chains of varying length, such series of
carbon compounds is known as homologous series.
Example-
chemical properties of CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH
and C4H9OH are very similar.
Nomenclature of carbon compounds
To name any
carbon compound just follow below steps-
Step1- Calculate no. of
carbon atoms in carbon compound. For example
i.
If carbon
compound have 1 carbon atom then use prefix Meth
ii.
If carbon
compound have 2 carbon atom then use prefix use
prefix Eth
iii.
If carbon
compound have 3 carbon atom then use prefix Prop
iv.
If carbon
compound have 4 carbon atom then use prefix But
v.
If carbon
compound have 5 carbon atom then use prefix Pent
vi.
If carbon
compound have 6 carbon atom then use prefix Hex
vii.
If carbon
compound have 7 carbon atom then use prefix Hept
viii. If carbon compound have 8
carbon atom then use prefix Oct
ix.
If carbon
compound have 9 carbon atom then use prefix Non
x.
If carbon
compound have 10 carbon atom then use prefix Dec
xi.
If carbon
compound have 11 carbon atom then use prefix Undec
xii.
If carbon
compound have 12 carbon atom then use prefix Dodec
xiii. If carbon compound have 13
carbon atom then use prefix Tridec
xiv.
If carbon
compound have 14 carbon atom then use prefix Tetradec
xv.
If carbon
compound have 15 carbon atom then use prefix Pentadec
xvi.
If carbon
compound have 20 carbon atom then use prefix Eicos
xvii. If carbon compound have 30
carbon atom then use prefix Triacont
xviii. If carbon compound have 40
carbon atom then use prefix Tetracont
xix.
If carbon
compound have 50 carbon atom then use prefix Pentacont
Example- What is the name of
CH4,C2H6 ?
Number of carbon atom in CH4 is 1 so use Meth and it is alkane so use ane so its name is Methane
Similarly,
Number of carbon atom in C2H6 is 2 so use Eth and it is alkane so
use ane
so its name is Ethane.
Step2- if functional group is
present in carbon compound then it is indicated by adding a prefix or a suffix
for it as shown in below table-
Step3- if functional group is
a suffix then removes ‘e’ from carbon chain name and add suffix.
Example- Propanone = Propan +
One
Where,
‘Propan’ comes from propane – ‘e’ and, ‘one’ comes from
ketone.
Step4- if the carbon compound
is unsaturated then ‘ane’ from the name is replaced by ‘ene’ or by ‘yne’ for
double or triple bond respectively.
Means ane for single bond,
ene for double bond and yne for triple bond.
No comments:
Post a comment