Periodic Trends In Physical & Chemical Properties

Periodic Trends In Physical Properties

1.     Atomic Radius :- 

·        “Atomic radius decreases with increases in atomic no. in a period” because within the period, the outermost electrons are within the same valence shell. Also effective  nuclear charge increases with increase in atomic no. results in increased attraction force between nucleus and outer electrons .

·        “Atomic radius increases with increase in atomic no. in a group” because of filling of inner orbital’s with electrons which serve to shield the outer electron from the attraction of nucleus, so size of atom increases.      

2.     Ionic Radius :- 

                       On general, the trend of ionic radius is  same as that of atomic radius.

·        In ions lose of gain of electron takes place while no charge in nuclear charge.

·        Size of cation (A⁺) is smaller than its parent atom due to loss of electron.

·        Size of anion (A^-) is large than its parent atom due to gain of electron.

3.     Ionization Enthalpy  :- 

                                   Quantitative measure of tendency of an element to loose electron is known as ionization enthalpy.

·        Ionization enthalpy is always +ve.

·        2^nd ionization enthalpy is higher than 1^st ionization enthalpy.

·        Alkali metals have lowest and noble gases have highest ionization energy.

·        Ionization enthalpy increases on going left to right in a period.

·        And decreases on Moring downwards in a group.

Ex:- 

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4.     Electron Gain Enthalpy  :- 

                                         When an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to convert it into a  - ve ion, the change in enthalpy in the process is given by electron gain enthalpy.

Ex:-

             

It may be exothermic or endothermic reaction.

·        Halogens show exothermic reaction & have height – ve electron gain enthalpy.

·        Noble gases show endothermic reactions & have lowest +ve electron gain enthalpy.

5.     Electronegativity: - 

                              The qualitative measure of ability of atom to attract shared electrons from chemical compound (or chemical bond) toward itself is known as electronegativity.

·        It generally decreases down in a group and increases in a period from left to right.

Periodic Trends In Chemical Properties

1.     Trends in Valence or Oxidation States: - 

                                                                The valance or oxidation state depends on outer most orbital elements electron and / or eight minus the no. of outermost electrons.