Famous Scientists and their Inventions
Scientists and Their Important Research in the Field of Science & Chemistry
List of Scientists
|
Research and Inventions
|
Ernest
Rutherford
|
Bombardment
of Atoms by alpha-particles
|
J. J.
Thompson
|
Discovery
of Electron, e/m of Electron
|
Eugen
Goldstein
|
Discovery
of Proton
|
James
Chadwick
|
Discovery
of Neutron
|
Louis
De-Broglie
|
Wave
Equation
|
Niels
Henrik David Bohr
|
Atomic
Model, Long Form of Periodic Table
|
Albert
Einstein
|
Photoelectric
Effect
|
Niels Bohr,
Wolfgang
Pauli and Friedrich Hund
|
Distribution
of electrons
|
Heisenberg
Principle
|
Uncertainty
Principle
|
Becquerel
|
Radioactivity
|
Marie
Curie
|
Radium
|
Francis
William Aston
|
Mass
Spectrograph
|
Dmitri
Ivanovich Mendeleev
|
Periodic
Law, Periodic Table
|
Sidwick
and Powell
|
Theory
of Hybridisation
|
Louis
Allred and Eugene George Rochow
|
Electronegativity
|
Robert
Sanderson Mulliken
|
Electronegativity
|
Robert
Boyle
|
Boyle’s
Law, Relation Between P and V
|
Jacques
Alexandre César Charles
|
Charle’s
Law, Relation Between T and V
|
Lorenzo
Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro
|
Avogadro’s
Law, Relation Between V and number of molecules (n)
|
John
Dalton
|
Dalton’s
Law, Relation Between the Total Pressure and Partial Pressure of Individual
Gases
|
Thomas
Graham
|
Graham’s
Law, Relation Between the Rate of Diffusion and Density (or Molecular Weight)
of Gases
|
François
Marie Raoult
|
Raoult’s
Law, Relation Between Partial Vapour Pressure and Mole Fraction
|
Harold
Clayton Urey
|
Heavy
Water
|
Henry
Louis Le Chatelier
|
Le
Chatelier Principle, Effect of P, T and Concentration of Reactants on the
System in Equilibrium
|
World, famous 100+ scientist and their inventions
Below is the list of 100+ famous scientists and their inventions, list is prepared by Jitendra Singh Sandhu @ChemistryNotesInfo. You can also buy our books and notebooks from Amazon to enrich your knowledge.
1.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727):
Newton made significant contributions to
mathematics, physics, and astronomy. He formulated the laws of motion and the
law of universal gravitation, which explained the motion of objects and the
force of gravity.
2.
Thomas Edison (1847-1931):
Edison is known for his numerous inventions,
including the phonograph and the practical incandescent light bulb. He held
over a thousand patents and played a major role in shaping the modern world.
3.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955):
Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized our
understanding of space, time, and gravity. His equation, E=mc², is one of the
most famous equations in physics and explains the relationship between mass and
energy.
4.
Marie Curie (1867-1934):
Curie was a pioneering physicist and chemist who
conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. She discovered the elements
polonium and radium, and her work laid the foundation for modern radiology.
5.
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943):
Tesla's inventions and contributions to electrical
engineering have had a lasting impact. He developed alternating current (AC)
electrical systems, wireless transmission of energy, and contributed to the
development of X-rays.
6.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922):
Bell is credited with inventing the telephone, which
revolutionized communication. He also worked on various other inventions,
including a device to help deaf people hear.
7.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642):
Galileo's observations with a telescope laid the
foundation for modern astronomy. He discovered Jupiter's four largest moons,
observed sunspots, and supported the heliocentric model of the solar system.
8.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895):
Pasteur's work in microbiology and immunization has saved
countless lives. He developed the process of pasteurization to prevent food and
drink contamination and created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
9.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519):
While not exclusively a scientist, da Vinci was a true
polymath. His inventions and designs ranged from flying machines and armored
vehicles to anatomical studies and intricate artwork.
10.
Homi J. Bhabha (born on 30 October 1909):
Pioneering
physicist, known for his work in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics. He is
remembered as one of the most influential and visionary scientist of India.
11. James Clerk
Maxwell (1831-1879):
Maxwell's equations unified electricity and
magnetism into a single theory of electromagnetism. His work laid the
groundwork for modern communication technologies.
12. Charles
Darwin (1809-1882):
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
transformed our understanding of life on Earth. His book "On the Origin of
Species" laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.
13. Max Planck
(1858-1947):
Planck is considered the father of quantum theory.
He introduced the concept of quantized energy levels, which led to the
development of quantum mechanics and revolutionized physics.
14. Werner
Heisenberg (1901-1976):
Heisenberg formulated the uncertainty principle, a
fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. He also contributed to the
development of matrix mechanics.
15. Jane Goodall
(born 1934):
Goodall's groundbreaking research on wild
chimpanzees transformed our understanding of animal behavior. Her long-term
observations provided insights into their social structure and tool use.
16. Enrico Fermi
(1901-1954):
Fermi made significant contributions to nuclear
physics and quantum theory. He led the team that achieved the first controlled
nuclear chain reaction, paving the way for nuclear power.
17. Stephen
Hawking (1942-2018):
Hawking was a theoretical physicist known for his
work on black holes and the nature of the universe. His book "A Brief
History of Time" brought complex cosmological ideas to a wider audience.
18. Ada Lovelace
(1815-1852):
Lovelace is recognized as the world's first
computer programmer. She wrote the first algorithm intended to be processed by
a machine, for Charles Babbage's analytical engine.
19. Barbara
McClintock (1902-1992):
McClintock was a pioneering geneticist known for
her discovery of transposons, or "jumping genes." Her work challenged
traditional views of genetic inheritance.
20.
Niels Bohr (1885-1962):
Bohr’s model of the atom introduced the concept of
quantized energy levels. He played a key role in the development of quantum
mechanics and contributed to our understanding of atomic structure.
21.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931-2015):
He is a renowned aerospace scientist and former president
of India. He played a leading role in the development of of India’s missile and
nuclear weapons programs, earning him the nickname as missile man of India.
22.
Aristotle (384-322 BC):
Aristotle was an
ancient Greek philosopher whose ideas influenced a wide range of fields. He
made contributions to biology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics, shaping Western
thought for centuries.
23.
Carl Sagan (1934-1996):
Sagan was an astrophysicist, cosmologist, and science
communicator. He popularized science through books like “Cosmos” and emphasized
the importance of space exploration.
24. Edwin Hubble
(1889-1953):
Hubble’s
observations revealed that galaxies are moving away from each other, leading to
the formulation of Hubble’s law and the realization of the expanding universe.
25.
Lise Meitner (1878-1968):
Meitner’s work
contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission. Her collaboration with Otto
Hahn led to the understanding of the process by which atomic nuclei split.
26. Richard
Feynman (1918-1988):
Feynman was a
physicist known for his contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum
electrodynamics. He also played a key role in the investigation of the Space
Shuttle Challenger disaster.
27.
Rachel Carson (1907-1964):
Carson’s book
“Silent Spring” played a pivotal role in the environmental movement. Her work
highlighted the dangers of widespread pesticide use and led to increased
awareness about environmental conservation.
28.
George Washington Carver (1860s-1943):
Carver was an agricultural
scientist and inventor known for his research on crop rotation and the
promotion of alternative crops. He developed various uses for peanuts and sweet
potatoes.
29.
Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997):
Wu was a prominent
experimental physicist who contributed to the Manhattan Project and made
significant contributions to the field of nuclear physics, including work on
the beta decay.
30.
Alan Turing (1912-1954):
Turing was a
mathematician and computer scientist who laid the foundation for modern computer
science and artificial intelligence. His work on the Turing machine and the
Turing test is foundational.
31.
Max Born (1882-1970):
Born was a
physicist who made significant contributions to the development of quantum
mechanics. He is known for the Born rule, which relates the mathematical
description of a quantum system to its physical properties.
32.
Jane Marcet (1769-1858):
Marcet was a
science educator and author who wrote popular introductory science books,
including “Conversations on Chemistry.” Her books helped make scientific
concepts accessible to a wider audience.
33.
Linus Pauling (1901-1994):
Pauling was a
chemist and peace activist. He made important contributions to the
understanding of chemical bonds, protein structure, and vitamin C’s role in
health.
34. Katherine
Johnson (1918-2020):
Johnson was a
mathematician at NASA who made critical calculations for space missions,
including the trajectories for the first American in space and the Apollo 11
moon landing.
35.
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677):
Spinoza was a
philosopher who laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. His ideas on ethics,
metaphysics, and political philosophy influenced later thinkers and the
development of secularism.
36. George
Mendel (1822-1884):
Mendel is known as
the father of modern genetics. His experiments with pea plants led to the
formulation of Mendel’s laws of inheritance, establishing the principles of
genetic inheritance.
37.
Gerty Cori (1896-1957):
Cori was a
biochemist who, along with her husband Carl Cori, made groundbreaking
discoveries related to carbohydrate metabolism. They won the Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine in 1947.
38.
James Watson (born 1928) and Francis Crick
(1916-2004):
Watson and Crick
are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA, which they famously
described as a double helix. Their work revolutionized the field of genetics.
39. Fridtjof
Nansen (1861-1930):
Nansen was a Norwegian scientist, explorer, and diplomat.
He made significant contributions to oceanography and designed the Nansen
bottle, a device for collecting water samples.
40.
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979):
Payne-Gaposchkin was an astronomer who made pioneering
contributions to our understanding of the composition of stars. She correctly
suggested that hydrogen is the most abundant element in stars.
41.
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564):
Vesalius was a
pioneer in human anatomy. His work “De humani corporis fabrica” revolutionized
the study of anatomy and laid the foundation for modern anatomical
understanding.
42.
Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961):
Schrödinger was a
physicist who developed wave mechanics, a key component of quantum mechanics.
He formulated the famous Schrödinger equation, which describes the behavior of
quantum systems.
43.
Hedy Lamarr (1914-2000):
Lamarr was an
actress and inventor who co-developed frequency-hopping spread spectrum
technology, which later became the basis for modern wireless communication and
Bluetooth.
44.
John Bardeen (1908-1991) and Walter Brattain
(1902-1987):
Bardeen and
Brattain, along with William Shockley, developed the first practical
point-contact transistor, a ground-breaking invention that revolutionized
electronics.
45.
Richard Dawkins (born 1941):
Dawkins is a
biologist and science communicator known for his work on evolution and natural
selection. His book “The Selfish Gene” popularized gene-centered views of
evolution.
46.
Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-2012):
Levi-Montalcini was a neuroscientist who discovered nerve
growth factor, a key protein that plays a crucial role in the development and
maintenance of nerve cells.
47. Jack Kilby
(1923-2005):
Kilby was an electrical engineer who co-invented the
integrated circuit (microchip), which is fundamental to modern electronics and
the development of computers and electronic devices.
48.
Chandrasekhar (1910-1995):
Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar was an astrophysicist who made significant contributions to our
understanding of stellar evolution and black holes. He formulated the
Chandrasekhar limit.
49.
Rosalyn Yalow (1921-2011):
Yalow was a
physicist and co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for
developing radioimmunoassay, a technique used to measure concentrations of
biological substances.
50.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867):
Faraday was a
pioneering experimentalist in the field of electromagnetism. He discovered
electromagnetic induction, which forms the basis for electric generators and
transformers.
51.
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855):
Gauss was a
mathematician known as the “Prince of Mathematicians.” He made significant
contributions to number theory, algebra, and geometry, and his work had a
profound impact on mathematics.
52.
Emmy Noether (1882-1935):
Noether was a
mathematician who made groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and
theoretical physics. Her work on symmetry and conservation laws paved the way
for modern physics.
53.
Émilie du Châtelet (1706-1749):
Du Châtelet was a
mathematician, physicist, and author. She made significant contributions to understanding
energy and the concept of conservation of energy in mechanics.
54.
Craig Venter (born 1946):
Venter is a
biologist and entrepreneur who played a pivotal role in the sequencing of the
human genome. He’s known for his contributions to genomics and synthetic
biology.
55.
Edward Jenner (1749-1823):
Jenner was a
physician and pioneer of vaccination. He developed the smallpox vaccine, which
laid the foundation for modern immunization practices.
56. Ramanujan
(1887-1920):
Srinivasa
Ramanujan was a self-taught Indian mathematician who made remarkable
contributions to number theory and mathematical analysis, even in isolation
from the mathematical community.
57.
Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943):
Bell Burnell is an
astrophysicist who discovered pulsars while still a graduate student. Her
discovery earned the Nobel Prize in Physics, although she was not initially
recognized.
58.
Vera Rubin (1928-2016):
Rubin was an
astronomer who provided evidence for the existence of dark matter, a mysterious
substance that makes up a significant portion of the universe’s mass.
59.
John Snow (1813-1858):
Snow was a
physician who is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology. He
traced the source of a cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump, showing
the importance of sanitation.
60.
Edmond Halley (1656-1742):
Halley was an
astronomer and mathematician known for calculating the orbit of the comet that
bears his name. He also made contributions to the understanding of planetary
motion.
61. Fritz Haber
(1868-1934):
Haber was a
chemist who developed the Haber-Bosch process for synthesizing ammonia,
revolutionizing fertilizer production and helping to address food shortages.
62.
Gerty Cori (1896-1957) and Carl Cori (1896-1984):
The Coris were a
husband-and-wife team of biochemists who made groundbreaking discoveries in
carbohydrate metabolism. Gerty was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine.
63.
Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902):
Virchow was a
physician and pathologist who emphasized the importance of cellular pathology.
He made significant contributions to the understanding of diseases and cell
theory.
64.
Edward O. Wilson (born 1929):
Wilson is a
biologist and researcher known for his work in sociobiology and the study of
ants. He has played a significant role in advancing the field of biodiversity
and conservation.
65.
Kip Thorne (born 1940):
Thorne is a
theoretical physicist known for his contributions to gravitational physics and
astrophysics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his role in detecting
gravitational waves.
66.
Richard Leakey (born 1944):
Leakey is a
paleoanthropologist and conservationist known for his discoveries of early
human fossils in Africa. He has also been an advocate for wildlife
conservation.
67.
Sydney Brenner (1927-2019):
Brenner was a biologist who played a key role in
deciphering the genetic code and understanding how genes regulate development.
He received the Nobel Prize for his contributions.
68.
Paul Dirac (1902-1984):
Dirac was a
theoretical physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum
mechanics and quantum field theory. He formulated the Dirac equation to
describe the behavior of electrons.
69.
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827):
Volta was a
physicist known for inventing the first electrical battery, known as the
voltaic pile. This invention marked a significant advancement in the field of
electricity.
70.
Franklin Chang-Díaz (born 1950):
Chang-Díaz is a
physicist and former NASA astronaut who developed advanced propulsion
technologies, including the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
(VASIMR).
71. Gertrude
Elion (1918-1999):
Elion was a
pharmacologist who played a key role in the development of numerous drugs,
including those for organ transplant recipients and treatments for leukemia and
herpes.
72.
Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955):
Berners-Lee is an
inventor and computer scientist who is credited with creating the World Wide
Web, revolutionizing the way information is shared and accessed online.
73.
Eduardo Kac (born 1962):
Kac is a
contemporary artist who works with biotechnology and genetics, known for his
bio-art projects such as “GFP Bunny” where he created a rabbit with a green
fluorescent protein.
74.
Yvonne Brill (1924-2013):
Brill was an
aerospace engineer who made important contributions to rocket propulsion
systems. She received a National Medal of Technology and Innovation for her
work.
75.
Jennifer Doudna (born 1964) and Emmanuelle
Charpentier (born 1968):
Doudna and
Charpentier co-developed the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, a revolutionary
tool that allows for precise modification of DNA sequences.
76.
Lynn Margulis (1938-2011):
Margulis was a
biologist who proposed the endosymbiotic theory, explaining the origin of
eukaryotic cells through the incorporation of symbiotic prokaryotic organisms.
77.
Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958):
Franklin’s X-ray
diffraction work was crucial in understanding the structure of DNA. Her
findings played a pivotal role in the discovery of the DNA double helix.
78.
Claude Shannon (1916-2001):
Shannon was a mathematician
and electrical engineer known as the “father of information theory.” He laid
the foundation for digital circuit design and data compression.
79.
Alfred Wegener (1880-1930):
Wegener was a
meteorologist and geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift,
suggesting that continents were once part of a single supercontinent called
Pangaea.
80.
Evelyn Boyd Granville (born 1924):
Granville was one
of the first African-American women to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics. Her
contributions to computing include programming for IBM and working on
trajectory analysis for space missions.
81.
Hans Geiger (1882-1945):
Geiger was a
physicist who co-invented the Geiger-Müller counter, an instrument used to
detect and measure ionizing radiation. It has widespread applications in
various fields.
82.
Mary Anning (1799-1847):
Anning was a
pioneering paleontologist who made significant discoveries of prehistoric
marine fossils, contributing to the understanding of ancient life forms.
83.
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919):
Haeckel was a
biologist, philosopher, and artist known for his work on evolution and his
popularization of the idea of recapitulation in embryonic development.
84.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703):
Hooke was a
polymath who made significant contributions to physics, biology, and
microscopy. He coined the term “cell” to describe biological structures and
formulated Hooke’s law in physics.
85.
Eratosthenes (276-194 BC):
Eratosthenes was
an ancient Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. He accurately
measured the Earth’s circumference using simple geometric principles.
86.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936):
Pavlov was a
physiologist known for his research on classical conditioning, demonstrating
how animals can be conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a specific
response.
87.
Margaret Mead (1901-1978):
Mead was an
anthropologist who made significant contributions to cultural anthropology. Her
research explored the ways in which culture and society shape human behaviour.
88.
Crick and Watson (1920-2007, 1928-2007):
James Watson and
Francis Crick are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA, which
they famously described as a double helix. Their work revolutionized the field
of genetics.
89.
César Milstein (1927-2002):
Milstein was an
immunologist who co-developed monoclonal antibody technology, a breakthrough
with applications in medical research, diagnostics, and therapy.
90.
John Dalton (1766-1844):
Dalton was a
chemist and physicist who formulated the modern atomic theory, proposing that
matter is composed of indivisible atoms with distinct properties.
91.
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782):
Bernoulli was a
mathematician and physicist known for his work on fluid dynamics and the
Bernoulli principle, which describes the relationship between fluid pressure
and speed.
92.
Maria Mitchell (1818-1889):
Mitchell was an
astronomer who discovered a comet and became the first American woman to work
as a professional astronomer. She also promoted women’s education in science.
93.
Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040):
Also known as
Alhazen, he was a pioneer in optics and experimental scientific methodology.
His work laid the foundation for modern optics and the scientific method.
94.
Jacques Cousteau (1910-1997):
Cousteau was a marine explorer and inventor who
co-developed the Aqua-Lung, which revolutionized underwater exploration. He
also raised awareness about marine conservation.
95.
Mae Jemison (born 1956):
Jemison is an
astronaut and physician, becoming the first African-American woman to travel in
space. Her contributions to science include biomedical research and fostering
STEM education.
96.
Robert Boyle (1627-1691):
Boyle was a chemist
and physicist who formulated Boyle’s law, describing the relationship between
the pressure and volume of a gas, which contributed to the understanding of
gases.
97.
Baroness Karen Blixen (1885-1962):
Blixen, also known
as Isak Dinesen, was a Danish author and storyteller who chronicled her
experiences as a coffee plantation owner in Kenya, capturing the essence of
Africa.
98.
George Gamow (1904-1968):
Gamow was a
physicist and cosmologist known for his contributions to the understanding of
the Big Bang theory and nuclear reactions in stars.
99.
Franz Boas (1858-1942):
Boas was an
anthropologist known for his advocacy of cultural relativism and his
contributions to the field of cultural anthropology, emphasizing the importance
of fieldwork.
100.
Sally Ride (1951-2012):
Ride was an
astronaut and physicist who became the first American woman in space. She later
worked in education, promoting science education for young students.
101.
Caroline Herschel (1750-1848):
Herschel was an
astronomer who made significant contributions to the field. She discovered several
comets and was the first woman to be awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal
Astronomical Society.
102.
Vint Cerf (born 1943):
Cerf is a computer
scientist often referred to as one of the “fathers of the Internet.” He played
a key role in the development of the TCP/IP protocol and the architecture of
the modern internet.
103.
Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895):
Miescher was a
biologist who discovered nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA
and RNA. His work laid the foundation for the study of genetics.
104.
Edward Teller (1908-2003):
Teller was a physicist known for his contributions to
nuclear physics and his involvement in the development of the hydrogen bomb.
105.
Lene Hau (born 1959):
Hau is a physicist
known for her work on slowing down and stopping light, leading to advances in
quantum information processing.
106.
Wendell Stanley (1904-1971):
Stanley was a
chemist who crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus, proving that viruses are composed
of chemicals. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.
107.
Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019):
Gell-Mann was a
physicist who introduced the concept of quarks as fundamental particles,
contributing to the development of the Standard Model of particle physics.
108.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790):
Franklin was a
polymath who made important contributions to physics, including the discovery
of the nature of electrical charges and the invention of the lightning rod.
109. Alfred Nobel
(1833-1896):
Nobel was an
inventor and chemist who is best known for inventing dynamite. He established
the Nobel Prizes through his will to honor significant contributions to
humanity.
110.
Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937):
Marconi was an
inventor and electrical engineer who is credited with developing and
popularizing long-distance radio transmission, leading to the establishment of
wireless communication.
