Chemistry formulas for Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic Part I
Atomic Weight related Chemical Formulas
·
Atomic Weight of an Element = Weight of an
average Atom of that Element/ (1/12)x Mass of an element of C12
·
1 a.m.u. = 1.66x10-24g
·
Atomic Weight = Gram Atomic Weight (GAW)
·
1 Gram
Atomic Weight (GAW) of every element contains 6.023x1023 atoms of
that element.
·
No. of gram of an element = weight of element in
gram/ Gram Atomic Weight (GAW) of that element
Methods of Determining Atomic Weight
i. Dulong and Pettits Method:
Applicable
only for solid elements except Be, B, C, Si.
·
Atomic Weight
x Specific Heat = 6.4 (app.)
·
Atomic Weight
(app.) = 6.4/ Specific Heat (in Calories)
·
Exact Atomic Weight = Equivalent Weight x
Valency
·
Valency = App. Atomic Weight / Equivalent Weight
ii. Vapour Density Method:
Applicable only
for those elements whose chlorides are volatile.
·
Valency of the Element = Molecular Weight of
Chloride / Equivalent Weight of Chloride
·
Valency of the Element = (2 x V.D. of Chloride)
/ (Equivalent Weight of Metal + 35.5)
Where, V.D. = Vapour Density
·
Atomic Weight = Equivalent Weight of Metal x
Valency
iii. Specific Heat Method:
Applicable only
for Gases.
·
Cp/Cv for monoatomic gases = 1.66
·
Cp/Cv for diatomic gases = 1.40
·
Cp/Cv for triatomic gases = 1.33
·
Atomic Weight of Gaseous Element = Molecular
Weight/ Atomicity
Where, Atomicity is number of atoms present in a molecule of a gaseous
element. For example atomicity of Inert Gas is 1, atomicity of Ozone is 3,
atomicity of H2 N2 O2 X2 is 2, and
atomicity of Sulphur is 8.
iv. Volatile Chloride Formation Method:
·
Atomic Weight of the Element = Equivalent Weight
(Z) x Valency (x)
v. Isomorphism Method:
This method based
on law of Isomorphism. According to law of Isomorphism, “Compounds having
identical crystal structure have similar constitution and chemical formula”
·
Atomic Weight = Equivalent Weight x Valency
·
Weight of Element A that combines with certain
weight of other elements/Weight of Element B that combines with the same weight
of other elements = Atomic Weight of A / Atomic Weight of B
Molecular Weight related Chemical Formulas
·
Molecular Weight = Weight of 1 Molecule of the
Substance/ (1/12)x Weight of 1 atom of C12
·
Actual Weight of 1 Molecule = Molecular Weight x
1.66x10-24g
Methods of Determining Atomic Weight
1. Diffusion Method:
Applicable only for gases.
·
Where, r1
& r2 is rate of diffusion of gases and M1 & M2
is Molecular Weight.
2. Vapour Density Method:
Applicable only for gases.
·
Molecular Weight = 2 x Vapour Density
3. Victor Mayer Method:
Applicable only for
volatile liquids and solids.
·
Molecular Weight of a substance = 22400 ml of
vapour of a substance at STP
Equivalent Weight related Chemical Formulas
·
No. of Gram Equivalent Weight = Weight of the
substance in gram/ Gram Equivalent Weight of the substance
·
Equivalent Weight of an Element = Atomic Weight/
Valency
·
Equivalent Weight of an Acid = Molecular Weight/
Basicity
·
Equivalent Weight of an Base = Molecular Weight/
Acidity
·
Equivalent Weight of a Salt = Formula Weight/
Total Positive or Negative Charge
·
Equivalent Weight of a Reducing Agent = Formula
Weight/ No. of electrons lost per molecule or Total change in Oxidation Number
·
Equivalent Weight of an Oxidising Agent =
Formula Weight/ No. of electrons gained per molecule or Total change in
Oxidation Number
·
Equivalent Weight of Radicals = Formula Weight
of Radical/ No. of units of Charge
Methods of Determining Equivalent Weight
1. Hydrogen Displacement Method:
Applicable for metals which can displace or combine
with hydrogen.
·
Equivalent Weight of Metal = (Weight of metal x
1.008)/ Weight of Hydrogen Displaced
·
Equivalent Weight of Metal = (Weight of metal x
11200)/ Volume in ml of H2 displaced at STP
2. Oxide Formation Method:
·
Equivalent Weight of Metal = (Weight of metal x
8)/ Weight of Oxygen
·
Equivalent Weight of Metal = (Weight of metal x
5600)/ Volume in ml of Oxygen at STP
3. Chloride Formation Method:
·
Equivalent Weight of Metal = (Weight of metal x
35.5)/ Weight of Chlorine
·
Equivalent Weight of Metal = (Weight of metal x
11200)/ Volume in ml of Chlorine at STP
4. Neutralization Method:
·
Equivalent Weight of Acid or Base = Weight
of acid or base in gram/ (Volume of base
or acid in litre required for neutralization x Normality of base or acid)
5. Metal Displacement Method:
·
Weight of Metal Added W1/ Weight of
Metal Displaced W2 = Equivalent Weight of Metal Added E1/
Equivalent Weight of Metal Displaced E2
6. Electrolytic Method:
·
Gram Equivalent Weight = Electrochemical
Equivalent x 96500
·
Weight of X deposited/ Weight of Y deposited =
Equivalent Weight of X/ Equivalent Weight of Y
7. Double Decomposition Method:
·
Weight of Salt taken (W1)/ Weight of
ppt. obtained (W2) = Equivalent Weight of Salt (E1)/
Equivalent Weight of Salt in ppt. (E2)
8. Conversion Method:
·
Weight of Compound A (W1)/ Weight of
Compound B (W2) = (Equivalent Weight of Metal + Equivalent Weight of
Anion of Compound A)/ (Equivalent Weight of Metal + Equivalent Weight of Anion
of Compound B)
9. Volatile Chloride Method:
·
Equivalent Weight = {(2 x Vapour Density of
Chloride)/ Valency} – 35.5
10. Silver Salt Method:
Applicable for organic acids
·
Equivalent Weight of Acid = Molecular Weight of
Acid/ Basicity
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