Glossary of Science and Chemistry Terms
- Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
- Alkaline: A solution with a pH greater than 7, indicating a higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-).
- Atom: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a particular element.
- Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
- Atomic Mass: The average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account its isotopes.
- Base: A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
- Biochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms.
- Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at atmospheric pressure.
- Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
- Chemical Bond: A force that holds atoms together in molecules.
- Chemical Reaction: A process that involves the transformation of one or more substances into different substances.
- Compound: A substance composed of two or more different elements chemically combined.
- Covalent Bond: A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Crystalline Solid: A solid with a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules.
- Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume.
- Diffusion: The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
- Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
- Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
- Exothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction that releases heat to the surroundings.
- Freezing Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid at atmospheric pressure.
- Ionic Bond: A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
- Ion: A charged atom or molecule.
- Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
- Molecule: A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
- pH: A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
- Periodic Table: A tabular arrangement of the chemical elements based on their atomic number and properties.
- Polymer: A large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules.
- Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
- Solution: A homogeneous mixture of one or more substances dissolved in another substance.
- Solvent: The substance in which another substance is dissolved.
- Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
- Sublimation: The process of a solid changing directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state.
- Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
- Titration: A laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of a solution.
- Thermodynamics: The study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy.
- Triple Point: The temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, and gas simultaneously.
- Unbalanced Equation: A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element is not equal on both sides.
- Unit: A standard quantity used to measure a physical quantity.
- Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
- Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase.
- Viscosity: The resistance of a fluid to flow.
- Weight: The force exerted on an object due to gravity.
- X-ray: Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than those of ultraviolet rays.
- Yield: The amount of product formed in a chemical reaction.
- Zwitterion: A molecule that contains both positive and negative charges.
- Zone Refining: A technique used to purify metals by passing a molten zone through a solid ingot.
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