100 Important Science Definitions & Terminology for Science Lovers
Dear friends, there are so many important science definitions and terminology that help us understand the science & world around us. Whether you are a school student, college student, teacher, competitive exam aspirant, or simply curious about science, knowing these basic scientific terms is very useful.
Here we have compiled 100 important science definitions and terminologies with simple explanations. You can use this page as a quick reference guide and science glossary.
1. pH
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. Lemon juice has a low pH, while soap solution has a high pH.
2. Density
Density is the mass present in a unit volume of a substance. Iron has a higher density than wood.
3. Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. Honey is more viscous than water.
4. Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration. The smell of perfume spreading in a room is an example.
5. Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
6. Surface Tension
Surface tension is the tendency of a liquid surface to behave like a stretched elastic sheet.
7. Solubility
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
8. Temperature
Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold a substance is.
9. Pressure
Pressure is the force applied per unit area.
10. Concentration
Concentration indicates the amount of solute present in a solution.
11. Molarity
Molarity is the number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution.
12. Molality
Molality is the number of moles of solute present in one kilogram of solvent.
13. Conductivity
Conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct electricity.
14. Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity measures how easily electric current flows through a material.
15. Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity measures how easily heat passes through a material.
16. Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water.
17. Adsorption
Adsorption is the accumulation of molecules on the surface of a substance.
18. Absorption
Absorption is the process in which one substance enters the bulk of another substance.
19. Catalysis
Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction using a catalyst.
20. Entropy
Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system.
21. Enthalpy
Enthalpy is the total heat content of a system.
22. Evaporation
Evaporation is the conversion of a liquid into vapour from its surface.
23. Condensation
Condensation is the conversion of vapour into liquid.
24. Sublimation
Sublimation is the direct conversion of a solid into vapour without becoming liquid.
25. Crystallization
Crystallization is the process of forming crystals from a solution.
26. Distillation
Distillation is a method used to separate liquids based on differences in boiling points.
27. Filtration
Filtration is the process of separating solids from liquids using a filter.
28. Centrifugation
Centrifugation is the separation of substances by spinning them at high speed.
29. Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixture components.
30. Buffer Solution
A buffer solution resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
31. Electrolysis
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance using electric current.
32. Oxidation
Oxidation is the loss of electrons by a substance.
33. Reduction
Reduction is the gain of electrons by a substance.
34. Corrosion
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions.
35. Rusting
Rusting is the corrosion of iron in the presence of oxygen and moisture.
36. Polymerization
Polymerization is the process of joining small molecules to form large molecules.
37. Fermentation
Fermentation is the conversion of sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases by microorganisms.
38. Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable nuclei.
39. Half-Life
Half-life is the time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay.
40. Isotope
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons.
41. Allotropy
Allotropy is the existence of an element in different forms in the same physical state.
42. Flash Point
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces ignitable vapours.
43. Boiling Point
Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into vapour.
44. Melting Point
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes liquid.
45. Refractive Index
Refractive index measures how much light bends when entering a medium.
46. Hardness of Water
Hardness of water is caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium salts.
47. Turbidity
Turbidity indicates the cloudiness of a liquid.
48. Acidity
Acidity is the ability of a substance to donate hydrogen ions.
49. Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the ability of a substance to neutralize acids.
50. Validation
Validation is documented evidence that a process consistently produces desired results.
51. Calibration
Calibration is the comparison of an instrument with a known standard.
52. Qualification
Qualification proves that equipment works as intended.
53. Accuracy
Accuracy indicates how close a measurement is to the true value.
54. Precision
Precision indicates how close repeated measurements are to each other.
55. Repeatability
Repeatability is the ability to obtain the same results under identical conditions.
56. Reproducibility
Reproducibility is obtaining similar results under changed conditions.
57. Standard Deviation
Standard deviation measures the spread of data around the mean value.
58. Uncertainty
Uncertainty represents doubt associated with a measurement result.
59. Limit of Detection (LOD)
LOD is the smallest amount of a substance that can be detected.
60. Limit of Quantification (LOQ)
LOQ is the smallest amount of a substance that can be accurately measured.
61. Assay
Assay is the determination of the amount or purity of a substance.
62. Titration
Titration is a technique used to determine concentration using a standard solution.
63. Potency
Potency refers to the strength or effectiveness of a substance.
64. Atom
An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
65. Molecule
A molecule consists of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
66. Element
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom.
67. Compound
A compound is a substance formed by chemically combining two or more elements.
68. Mixture
A mixture contains two or more substances physically combined.
69. Solution
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
70. Solute
A solute is the substance that gets dissolved.
71. Solvent
A solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute.
72. Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
73. Mass
Mass is the amount of matter present in a body.
74. Volume
Volume is the space occupied by a substance.
75. Force
Force is a push or pull acting on an object.
76. Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work.
77. Work
Work is done when force causes displacement.
78. Power
Power is the rate at which work is done.
79. Velocity
Velocity is the speed of an object in a specific direction.
80. Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
81. Momentum
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
82. Gravity
Gravity is the force that attracts objects toward each other.
83. Friction
Friction is the force that opposes motion between surfaces.
84. Inertia
Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist changes in motion.
85. Reflection
Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface.
86. Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light when it enters another medium.
87. Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance between two successive wave crests.
88. Frequency
Frequency is the number of wave cycles occurring in one second.
89. Amplitude
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its mean position.
90. Ecosystem
An ecosystem consists of living organisms interacting with their environment.
91. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants prepare food using sunlight.
92. Respiration
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food.
93. Cell
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
94. DNA
DNA carries hereditary information in living organisms.
95. Gene
A gene is a segment of DNA responsible for a particular trait.
96. Mutation
A mutation is a change in the genetic material.
97. Evolution
Evolution is the gradual change in organisms over generations.
98. Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in an area.
99. Biotechnology
Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms for useful purposes.
100. Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the study and application of materials at the nanoscale level.
These 100 important science definitions and terminologies form the foundation of scientific knowledge. Understanding these terms will help students perform better in school, college, competitive examinations, laboratory work, and everyday scientific discussions.
Bookmark this page and use it as your quick science glossary. We will continue to add detailed explanations, examples, applications, and interesting facts for each term in separate articles and provide their link to this page so you can deep dive about that science definition or scientific terminology.
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