Famous Scientists and their Inventions

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Given below is the list of scientists and their important research and inventions. These are world famous scientists, physicists or chemists and perform many science and chemistry experiments, which help in the development of Chemistry and Science.

List of Famous Scientists and their Inventions

List of Scientists	Research and Inventions
Ernest Rutherford	Bombardment of Atoms by alpha-particles
J. J. Thompson	Discovery of Electron, e/m of Electron
Eugen Goldstein	Discovery of Proton
James Chadwick	Discovery of Neutron
Louis De-Broglie	Wave Equation
Niels Henrik David Bohr	Atomic Model, Long Form of Periodic Table
Albert Einstein	Photoelectric Effect
Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli and Friedrich Hund	Distribution of electrons
Heisenberg Principle	Uncertainty Principle
Becquerel	Radioactivity
Marie Curie	Radium
Francis William Aston	Mass Spectrograph
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev	Periodic Law, Periodic Table
Sidwick and Powell	Theory of Hybridisation
Louis Allred and Eugene George Rochow	Electronegativity
Robert Sanderson Mulliken	Electronegativity
Robert Boyle	Boyle’s Law, Relation Between P and V
Jacques Alexandre César Charles	Charle’s Law, Relation Between T and V
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro	Avogadro’s Law, Relation Between V and number of molecules (n)
John Dalton	Dalton’s Law, Relation Between the Total Pressure and Partial Pressure of Individual Gases
Thomas Graham	Graham’s Law, Relation Between the Rate of Diffusion and Density (or Molecular Weight) of Gases
François Marie Raoult	Raoult’s Law, Relation Between Partial Vapour Pressure and Mole Fraction
Harold Clayton Urey	Heavy Water
Henry Louis Le Chatelier	Le Chatelier Principle, Effect of P, T and Concentration of Reactants on the System in Equilibrium

Do you know why scientists are important for society?

Scientists play a vital role in society by advancing knowledge, improving quality of life, and addressing global challenges. Scientists explore the unknown, expanding our understanding of the world, universe, and ourselves. Their discoveries lead to new technologies, theories, and insights that shape our lives.

Scientists develop medicines, vaccines, and medical treatments that combat diseases and improve health. They also contribute to advancements in agriculture, energy, transportation, and communication, making our lives more comfortable and efficient. Scientists also work on solutions to pressing global issues such as climate change, environmental pollution, and food scarcity. Their research provides evidence-based information to guide policymakers and inform public decisions.

Scientific research and innovation drive economic growth by creating new industries, jobs, and products. Scientists inspire future generations by sharing their passion for discovery and encouraging curiosity. They also contribute to educational systems by developing curricula and conducting research that informs teaching.

In essence, scientists are essential for the progress and well-being of society. Their work helps us to understand the world better, improve our lives, and address the challenges we face. To tribute our real heroes, the scientists we wrote this post on most famous scientists and their inventions that changed the history to create better world for all of us.

Table on Well Known Scientists and Their Important Research, Inventions in the Field of Science & Chemistry

This table contains world's great well known scientists and their inventions with birth to death period, Nobel prize win by these great scientists, their famous theory and their published books in the field of science or on their own work.

Scientist Name	Birth to Death Period	Invention (Year)	Nobel Prize	Famous Theory	Published Book
Albert Einstein	1879–1955	General Theory of Relativity (1915)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)	Theory of Relativity	Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1916)
Marie Curie	1867–1934	Discovery of Radium & Polonium (1898)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1903), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911)	Theory of Radioactivity	Recherches sur les substances radioactives (1903)
Isaac Newton	1643–1727	Laws of Motion & Gravitation (1687)	None	Newton's Laws of Motion, Law of Gravitation	Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
Charles Darwin	1809–1882	Theory of Evolution (1859)	None	Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection	On the Origin of Species (1859)
Nikola Tesla	1856–1943	Alternating Current (AC) (1887)	None	Tesla Coil	My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (1919)
Galileo Galilei	1564–1642	Improved Telescope (1609)	None	Heliocentrism	Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
James Clerk Maxwell	1831–1879	Electromagnetic Theory (1865)	None	Maxwell's Equations for Electromagnetism	A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873)
Gregor Mendel	1822–1884	Laws of Heredity (1865)	None	Mendelian Genetics	Experiments on Plant Hybridization (1865)
Louis Pasteur	1822–1895	Germ Theory (1864)	None	Theory of Vaccination and Pasteurization	Studies on Fermentation (1876)
Niels Bohr	1885–1962	Bohr Model of the Atom (1913)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1922)	Quantum Theory	Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (1934)
Dmitri Mendeleev	1834–1907	Periodic Table (1869)	None	Periodic Law	Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870)
Michael Faraday	1791–1867	Electromagnetic Induction (1831)	None	Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction	Experimental Researches in Electricity (1839)
Richard Feynman	1918–1988	Quantum Electrodynamics (1948)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1965)	Feynman Diagrams	The Feynman Lectures on Physics (1964)
Erwin Schrödinger	1887–1961	Schrödinger Equation (1926)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1933)	Wave Mechanics	What is Life? (1944)
Johannes Kepler	1571–1630	Laws of Planetary Motion (1609)	None	Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion	Astronomia Nova (1609)
Max Planck	1858–1947	Quantum Theory (1900)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1918)	Planck's Constant	Theory of Heat Radiation (1906)
Stephen Hawking	1942–2018	Hawking Radiation (1974)	None	Theory on Black Holes	A Brief History of Time (1988)
Alan Turing	1912–1954	Turing Machine (1936)	None	Theory of Computation	On Computable Numbers (1936)
Francis Crick	1916–2004	DNA Structure (1953)	Nobel Prize in Medicine (1962)	Double Helix Model of DNA	What Mad Pursuit (1988)
Thomas Edison	1847–1931	Electric Light Bulb (1879)	None	Direct Current (DC) System	The Diary and Sundry Observations of Thomas Edison (1920)
Robert Hooke	1635–1703	Hooke’s Law (1660)	None	Elasticity Theory	Micrographia (1665)
Robert Boyle	1627–1691	Boyle’s Law (1662)	None	Law of Gases	The Sceptical Chymist (1661)
Antoine Lavoisier	1743–1794	Law of Conservation of Mass (1789)	None	Modern Chemistry	Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (1789)
Carl Linnaeus	1707–1778	Taxonomy System (1735)	None	Binomial Nomenclature	Systema Naturae (1735)
Rosalind Franklin	1920–1958	X-ray Diffraction of DNA (1952)	None	DNA Double Helix Structure	The Dark Lady of DNA (2002, biography)
J.J. Thomson	1856–1940	Discovery of the Electron (1897)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1906)	Plum Pudding Model	Conduction of Electricity through Gases (1903)
Paul Dirac	1902–1984	Dirac Equation (1928)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1933)	Quantum Mechanics and Antimatter	The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1930)
Enrico Fermi	1901–1954	Nuclear Fission (1934)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1938)	Fermi Paradox	Nuclear Physics: A Course Given by Enrico Fermi (1936)
Werner Heisenberg	1901–1976	Uncertainty Principle (1927)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1932)	Quantum Mechanics	Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science (1958)
John Dalton	1766–1844	Atomic Theory (1803)	None	Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures	A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808)
Max Born	1882–1970	Born Rule (1926)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1954)	Quantum Mechanics	Atomic Physics (1935)
Alfred Nobel	1833–1896	Invention of Dynamite (1867)	None	Nobel Prizes	Nemesis (1896, posthumous)
Alexander Fleming	1881–1955	Discovery of Penicillin (1928)	Nobel Prize in Medicine (1945)	Antibiotics	Penicillin: Its Practical Application (1946)
Hans Christian Ørsted	1777–1851	Electromagnetism (1820)	None	Ørsted’s Law	The Soul in Nature (1850)
Lise Meitner	1878–1968	Nuclear Fission (1938)	None	Fission Theory	Physics of Radioactive Processes (1953)
Guglielmo Marconi	1874–1937	Wireless Telegraphy (1895)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1909)	Radio Transmission	Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony (1909)
Henri Becquerel	1852–1908	Radioactivity (1896)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)	Radioactivity Theory	On the Radioactive Substances (1897)
Wilhelm Röntgen	1845–1923	Discovery of X-Rays (1895)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1901)	X-ray Imaging	On a New Kind of Rays (1895)
August Kekulé	1829–1896	Benzene Ring Structure (1865)	None	Structure of Organic Molecules	Textbook of Organic Chemistry (1861)
Archimedes	287–212 BC	Archimedes’ Principle	None	Law of Buoyancy	On the Sphere and Cylinder (3rd century BC)
Émilie du Châtelet	1706–1749	Translation of Newton’s Principia (1749)	None	Energy Conservation	Institutions de Physique (1740)
Charles Babbage	1791–1871	Analytical Engine (1837)	None	Babbage’s Engine (early computer concept)	On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832)
Blaise Pascal	1623–1662	Pascal's Law (1653)	None	Theory of Probability	Pensées (1670, posthumous)
Leonhard Euler	1707–1783	Euler's Identity (1748)	None	Euler's Theorems	Introductio in analysin infinitorum (1748)
John von Neumann	1903–1957	Game Theory (1944)	None	Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata	The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944)
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)	1824–1907	Kelvin Scale (1848)	None	Thermodynamics	On the Dynamical Theory of Heat (1851)
Pierre Curie	1859–1906	Piezoelectricity (1880)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)	Radioactivity Research	Studies in Radioactivity (1905)
Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham)	965–1040	Theory of Optics (1021)	None	Light and Vision Theory	Book of Optics (1021)
Abdus Salam	1926–1996	Electroweak Unification (1968)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)	Electroweak Theory	Ideas and Ideals (1984)
Carl Sagan	1934–1996	Research on Extraterrestrial Life (1960s)	None	Cosmos Theory	Cosmos (1980)
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	980–1037	Canon of Medicine (1025)	None	Avicenna’s Medical Theories	The Canon of Medicine (1025)
Tycho Brahe	1546–1601	Tychonic System (1588)	None	Astronomical Model	De nova stella (1573)
Paracelsus	1493–1541	Introduction of Chemistry in Medicine	None	Toxicology	Great Surgery Book (1536)
James Watson	1928–Present	DNA Double Helix (1953)	Nobel Prize in Medicine (1962)	Genetic Code	The Double Helix (1968)
Lynn Margulis	1938–2011	Endosymbiotic Theory (1967)	None	Symbiosis in Evolution	Symbiosis in Cell Evolution (1981)
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	1910–1995	Chandrasekhar Limit (1931)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1983)	Stellar Evolution	An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (1939)
Christian Doppler	1803–1853	Doppler Effect (1842)	None	Doppler’s Principle	On the Coloured Light of the Double Stars (1842)
Hans Bethe	1906–2005	Nuclear Fusion in Stars (1939)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1967)	Bethe’s Solar Fusion Theory	The Road from Los Alamos (1991)
Hedy Lamarr	1914–2000	Frequency Hopping (1941)	None	Radio Frequency Spread Spectrum	Ecstasy and Me (1966)
Arthur Eddington	1882–1944	Eddington Limit (1926)	None	Theory of Star Luminosity	The Internal Constitution of the Stars (1926)
James Hutton	1726–1797	Theory of Uniformitarianism (1785)	None	Geology and Earth’s Age	Theory of the Earth (1788)
Henry Cavendish	1731–1810	Discovery of Hydrogen (1766)	None	Cavendish’s Experiment (Density of Earth)	Experiments on Air (1784)
Ernest Rutherford	1871–1937	Discovery of Proton (1917)	Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908)	Nuclear Physics and Rutherford Model	Radiation and Radioactivity (1904)
Benjamin Franklin	1706–1790	Lightning Rod (1752)	None	Electricity Theories	Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751)
Robert Oppenheimer	1904–1967	Manhattan Project (1945)	None	Atomic Bomb Development	Science and the Common Understanding (1953)
Hermann von Helmholtz	1821–1894	Law of Conservation of Energy (1847)	None	Thermodynamics	On the Sensations of Tone (1863)
Heinrich Hertz	1857–1894	Electromagnetic Waves (1887)	None	Hertz’s Law of Electromagnetism	Electric Waves (1893)
Ibn al-Nafis	1213–1288	Pulmonary Circulation (1242)	None	Theory of Blood Circulation	The Comprehensive Book on Medicine (1260)
Theodosius Dobzhansky	1900–1975	Genetics and Evolution (1937)	None	Modern Synthesis in Evolutionary Biology	Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937)
Andrei Sakharov	1921–1989	Thermonuclear Weapons (1950s)	Nobel Peace Prize (1975)	Sakharov’s Tokamak Theory	Memoirs (1990)
Werner von Braun	1912–1977	V-2 Rocket (1944)	None	Rocket Propulsion Theory	Project Mars: A Technical Tale (1949)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck	1744–1829	Lamarckism (1809)	None	Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Traits	Philosophie Zoologique (1809)
Paul Ehrlich	1854–1915	Chemotherapy (1908)	Nobel Prize in Medicine (1908)	Theory of Immunity	The Collected Papers of Paul Ehrlich (1957)
Barbara McClintock	1902–1992	Transposons (1948)	Nobel Prize in Medicine (1983)	Jumping Genes Theory	The Discovery and Characterization of Transposable Elements (1984)
John Bardeen	1908–1991	Transistor (1947)	Nobel Prize in Physics (1956, 1972)	BCS Theory (Superconductivity)	Theory of Superconductivity (1957)
Frederick Banting	1891–1941	Discovery of Insulin (1921)	Nobel Prize in Medicine (1923)	Diabetes Treatment	Banting's Papers on Diabetes (1929)
James Clerk Ross	1800–1862	Discovery of Magnetic Pole (1831)	None	Magnetic Theory	Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-West Passage (1835)
Dorothy Hodgkin	1910–1994	X-ray Crystallography of Biomolecules (1937)	Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964)	Molecular Structures in Biochemistry	The X-ray Analysis of Complex Molecules (1971)
Alfred Wegener	1880–1930	Continental Drift Theory (1912)	None	Plate Tectonics Theory	The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915)
Willard Libby	1908–1980	Radiocarbon Dating (1949)	Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1960)	Carbon-14 Dating	Radiocarbon Dating (1955)

World, famous 100+ scientist and their inventions

Below is the list of 100+ famous scientists and their inventions. These scientists are real heroes, whose work helps us to understand the world better, improve our lives, and address the challenges we face. List is prepared by Jitendra Singh Sandhu @ChemistryNotesInfo. You can also buy our science books and notebooks from Amazon to enrich your knowledge.

1. Isaac Newton (1643-1727):

Newton made significant contributions to mathematics, physics, and astronomy. He formulated the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, which explained the motion of objects and the force of gravity.

2. Thomas Edison (1847-1931):

Edison is known for his numerous inventions, including the phonograph and the practical incandescent light bulb. He held over a thousand patents and played a major role in shaping the modern world.

3. Albert Einstein (1879-1955):

Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity. His equation, E=mc², is one of the most famous equations in physics and explains the relationship between mass and energy.

4. Marie Curie (1867-1934):

Curie was a pioneering physicist and chemist who conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity. She discovered the elements polonium and radium, and her work laid the foundation for modern radiology.

5. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943):

Tesla's inventions and contributions to electrical engineering have had a lasting impact. He developed alternating current (AC) electrical systems, wireless transmission of energy, and contributed to the development of X-rays.

6. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922):

Bell is credited with inventing the telephone, which revolutionized communication. He also worked on various other inventions, including a device to help deaf people hear.

7. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642):

Galileo's observations with a telescope laid the foundation for modern astronomy. He discovered Jupiter's four largest moons, observed sunspots, and supported the heliocentric model of the solar system.

8. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895):

Pasteur's work in microbiology and immunization has saved countless lives. He developed the process of pasteurization to prevent food and drink contamination and created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax.

9. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519):

While not exclusively a scientist, da Vinci was a true polymath. His inventions and designs ranged from flying machines and armored vehicles to anatomical studies and intricate artwork.

10. Homi J. Bhabha (born on 30 October 1909):

Pioneering physicist, known for his work in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics. He is remembered as one of the most influential and visionary scientist of India.

11. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879):

Maxwell's equations unified electricity and magnetism into a single theory of electromagnetism. His work laid the groundwork for modern communication technologies.

12. Charles Darwin (1809-1882):

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection transformed our understanding of life on Earth. His book "On the Origin of Species" laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology.

13. Max Planck (1858-1947):

Planck is considered the father of quantum theory. He introduced the concept of quantized energy levels, which led to the development of quantum mechanics and revolutionized physics.

14. Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976):

Heisenberg formulated the uncertainty principle, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. He also contributed to the development of matrix mechanics.

15. Jane Goodall (born 1934):

Goodall's groundbreaking research on wild chimpanzees transformed our understanding of animal behavior. Her long-term observations provided insights into their social structure and tool use.

16. Enrico Fermi (1901-1954):

Fermi made significant contributions to nuclear physics and quantum theory. He led the team that achieved the first controlled nuclear chain reaction, paving the way for nuclear power.

17. Stephen Hawking (1942-2018):

Hawking was a theoretical physicist known for his work on black holes and the nature of the universe. His book "A Brief History of Time" brought complex cosmological ideas to a wider audience.

18. Ada Lovelace (1815-1852):

Lovelace is recognized as the world's first computer programmer. She wrote the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine, for Charles Babbage's analytical engine.

19. Barbara McClintock (1902-1992):

McClintock was a pioneering geneticist known for her discovery of transposons, or "jumping genes." Her work challenged traditional views of genetic inheritance.

20. Niels Bohr (1885-1962):

Bohr’s model of the atom introduced the concept of quantized energy levels. He played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics and contributed to our understanding of atomic structure.

21. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931-2015):

He is a renowned aerospace scientist and former president of India. He played a leading role in the development of of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs, earning him the nickname as missile man of India.

22. Aristotle (384-322 BC):

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher whose ideas influenced a wide range of fields. He made contributions to biology, ethics, logic, and metaphysics, shaping Western thought for centuries.

23. Carl Sagan (1934-1996):

Sagan was an astrophysicist, cosmologist, and science communicator. He popularized science through books like “Cosmos” and emphasized the importance of space exploration.

24. Edwin Hubble (1889-1953):

Hubble’s observations revealed that galaxies are moving away from each other, leading to the formulation of Hubble’s law and the realization of the expanding universe.

25. Lise Meitner (1878-1968):

Meitner’s work contributed to the discovery of nuclear fission. Her collaboration with Otto Hahn led to the understanding of the process by which atomic nuclei split.

26. Richard Feynman (1918-1988):

Feynman was a physicist known for his contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He also played a key role in the investigation of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

27. Rachel Carson (1907-1964):

Carson’s book “Silent Spring” played a pivotal role in the environmental movement. Her work highlighted the dangers of widespread pesticide use and led to increased awareness about environmental conservation.

28. George Washington Carver (1860s-1943):

Carver was an agricultural scientist and inventor known for his research on crop rotation and the promotion of alternative crops. He developed various uses for peanuts and sweet potatoes.

29. Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997):

Wu was a prominent experimental physicist who contributed to the Manhattan Project and made significant contributions to the field of nuclear physics, including work on the beta decay.

30. Alan Turing (1912-1954):

Turing was a mathematician and computer scientist who laid the foundation for modern computer science and artificial intelligence. His work on the Turing machine and the Turing test is foundational.

31. Max Born (1882-1970):

Born was a physicist who made significant contributions to the development of quantum mechanics. He is known for the Born rule, which relates the mathematical description of a quantum system to its physical properties.

32. Jane Marcet (1769-1858):

Marcet was a science educator and author who wrote popular introductory science books, including “Conversations on Chemistry.” Her books helped make scientific concepts accessible to a wider audience.

33. Linus Pauling (1901-1994):

Pauling was a chemist and peace activist. He made important contributions to the understanding of chemical bonds, protein structure, and vitamin C’s role in health.

34. Katherine Johnson (1918-2020):

Johnson was a mathematician at NASA who made critical calculations for space missions, including the trajectories for the first American in space and the Apollo 11 moon landing.

35. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677):

Spinoza was a philosopher who laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. His ideas on ethics, metaphysics, and political philosophy influenced later thinkers and the development of secularism.

36. George Mendel (1822-1884):

Mendel is known as the father of modern genetics. His experiments with pea plants led to the formulation of Mendel’s laws of inheritance, establishing the principles of genetic inheritance.

37. Gerty Cori (1896-1957):

Cori was a biochemist who, along with her husband Carl Cori, made groundbreaking discoveries related to carbohydrate metabolism. They won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1947.

38. James Watson (born 1928) and Francis Crick (1916-2004):

Watson and Crick are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA, which they famously described as a double helix. Their work revolutionized the field of genetics.

39. Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930):

Nansen was a Norwegian scientist, explorer, and diplomat. He made significant contributions to oceanography and designed the Nansen bottle, a device for collecting water samples.

40. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979):

Payne-Gaposchkin was an astronomer who made pioneering contributions to our understanding of the composition of stars. She correctly suggested that hydrogen is the most abundant element in stars.

41. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564):

Vesalius was a pioneer in human anatomy. His work “De humani corporis fabrica” revolutionized the study of anatomy and laid the foundation for modern anatomical understanding.

42. Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961):

Schrödinger was a physicist who developed wave mechanics, a key component of quantum mechanics. He formulated the famous Schrödinger equation, which describes the behavior of quantum systems.

43. Hedy Lamarr (1914-2000):

Lamarr was an actress and inventor who co-developed frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology, which later became the basis for modern wireless communication and Bluetooth.

44. John Bardeen (1908-1991) and Walter Brattain (1902-1987):

Bardeen and Brattain, along with William Shockley, developed the first practical point-contact transistor, a ground-breaking invention that revolutionized electronics.

45. Richard Dawkins (born 1941):

Dawkins is a biologist and science communicator known for his work on evolution and natural selection. His book “The Selfish Gene” popularized gene-centered views of evolution.

46. Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-2012):

Levi-Montalcini was a neuroscientist who discovered nerve growth factor, a key protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of nerve cells.

47. Jack Kilby (1923-2005):

Kilby was an electrical engineer who co-invented the integrated circuit (microchip), which is fundamental to modern electronics and the development of computers and electronic devices.

48. Chandrasekhar (1910-1995):

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was an astrophysicist who made significant contributions to our understanding of stellar evolution and black holes. He formulated the Chandrasekhar limit.

49. Rosalyn Yalow (1921-2011):

Yalow was a physicist and co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for developing radioimmunoassay, a technique used to measure concentrations of biological substances.

50. Michael Faraday (1791-1867):

Faraday was a pioneering experimentalist in the field of electromagnetism. He discovered electromagnetic induction, which forms the basis for electric generators and transformers.

51. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855):

Gauss was a mathematician known as the “Prince of Mathematicians.” He made significant contributions to number theory, algebra, and geometry, and his work had a profound impact on mathematics.

52. Emmy Noether (1882-1935):

Noether was a mathematician who made groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics. Her work on symmetry and conservation laws paved the way for modern physics.

53. Émilie du Châtelet (1706-1749):

Du Châtelet was a mathematician, physicist, and author. She made significant contributions to understanding energy and the concept of conservation of energy in mechanics.

54. Craig Venter (born 1946):

Venter is a biologist and entrepreneur who played a pivotal role in the sequencing of the human genome. He’s known for his contributions to genomics and synthetic biology.

55. Edward Jenner (1749-1823):

Jenner was a physician and pioneer of vaccination. He developed the smallpox vaccine, which laid the foundation for modern immunization practices.

56. Ramanujan (1887-1920):

Srinivasa Ramanujan was a self-taught Indian mathematician who made remarkable contributions to number theory and mathematical analysis, even in isolation from the mathematical community.

57. Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943):

Bell Burnell is an astrophysicist who discovered pulsars while still a graduate student. Her discovery earned the Nobel Prize in Physics, although she was not initially recognized.

58. Vera Rubin (1928-2016):

Rubin was an astronomer who provided evidence for the existence of dark matter, a mysterious substance that makes up a significant portion of the universe’s mass.

59. John Snow (1813-1858):

Snow was a physician who is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology. He traced the source of a cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump, showing the importance of sanitation.

60. Edmond Halley (1656-1742):

Halley was an astronomer and mathematician known for calculating the orbit of the comet that bears his name. He also made contributions to the understanding of planetary motion.

61. Fritz Haber (1868-1934):

Haber was a chemist who developed the Haber-Bosch process for synthesizing ammonia, revolutionizing fertilizer production and helping to address food shortages.

62. Gerty Cori (1896-1957) and Carl Cori (1896-1984):

The Coris were a husband-and-wife team of biochemists who made groundbreaking discoveries in carbohydrate metabolism. Gerty was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

63. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902):

Virchow was a physician and pathologist who emphasized the importance of cellular pathology. He made significant contributions to the understanding of diseases and cell theory.

64. Edward O. Wilson (born 1929):

Wilson is a biologist and researcher known for his work in sociobiology and the study of ants. He has played a significant role in advancing the field of biodiversity and conservation.

65. Kip Thorne (born 1940):

Thorne is a theoretical physicist known for his contributions to gravitational physics and astrophysics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his role in detecting gravitational waves.

66. Richard Leakey (born 1944):

Leakey is a paleoanthropologist and conservationist known for his discoveries of early human fossils in Africa. He has also been an advocate for wildlife conservation.

67. Sydney Brenner (1927-2019):

Brenner was a biologist who played a key role in deciphering the genetic code and understanding how genes regulate development. He received the Nobel Prize for his contributions.

68. Paul Dirac (1902-1984):

Dirac was a theoretical physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. He formulated the Dirac equation to describe the behavior of electrons.

69. Alessandro Volta (1745-1827):

Volta was a physicist known for inventing the first electrical battery, known as the voltaic pile. This invention marked a significant advancement in the field of electricity.

70. Franklin Chang-Díaz (born 1950):

Chang-Díaz is a physicist and former NASA astronaut who developed advanced propulsion technologies, including the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR).

71. Gertrude Elion (1918-1999):

Elion was a pharmacologist who played a key role in the development of numerous drugs, including those for organ transplant recipients and treatments for leukemia and herpes.

72. Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955):

Berners-Lee is an inventor and computer scientist who is credited with creating the World Wide Web, revolutionizing the way information is shared and accessed online.

73. Eduardo Kac (born 1962):

Kac is a contemporary artist who works with biotechnology and genetics, known for his bio-art projects such as “GFP Bunny” where he created a rabbit with a green fluorescent protein.

74. Yvonne Brill (1924-2013):

Brill was an aerospace engineer who made important contributions to rocket propulsion systems. She received a National Medal of Technology and Innovation for her work.

75. Jennifer Doudna (born 1964) and Emmanuelle Charpentier (born 1968):

Doudna and Charpentier co-developed the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, a revolutionary tool that allows for precise modification of DNA sequences.

76. Lynn Margulis (1938-2011):

Margulis was a biologist who proposed the endosymbiotic theory, explaining the origin of eukaryotic cells through the incorporation of symbiotic prokaryotic organisms.

77. Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958):

Franklin’s X-ray diffraction work was crucial in understanding the structure of DNA. Her findings played a pivotal role in the discovery of the DNA double helix.

78. Claude Shannon (1916-2001):

Shannon was a mathematician and electrical engineer known as the “father of information theory.” He laid the foundation for digital circuit design and data compression.

79. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930):

Wegener was a meteorologist and geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift, suggesting that continents were once part of a single supercontinent called Pangaea.

80. Evelyn Boyd Granville (born 1924):

Evelyn Boyd Granville was famous scientist female. Granville was one of the first African-American women to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics. Her contributions to computing include programming for IBM and working on trajectory analysis for space missions.

81. Hans Geiger (1882-1945):

Geiger was a physicist who co-invented the Geiger-Müller counter, an instrument used to detect and measure ionizing radiation. It has widespread applications in various fields.

82. Mary Anning (1799-1847):

Anning was a pioneering paleontologist who made significant discoveries of prehistoric marine fossils, contributing to the understanding of ancient life forms.

83. Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919):

Haeckel was a biologist, philosopher, and artist known for his work on evolution and his popularization of the idea of recapitulation in embryonic development.

84. Robert Hooke (1635-1703):

Hooke was a polymath who made significant contributions to physics, biology, and microscopy. He coined the term “cell” to describe biological structures and formulated Hooke’s law in physics.

85. Eratosthenes (276-194 BC):

Eratosthenes was an ancient Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. He accurately measured the Earth’s circumference using simple geometric principles.

86. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936):

Pavlov was a physiologist known for his research on classical conditioning, demonstrating how animals can be conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus with a specific response.

87. Margaret Mead (1901-1978):

Mead was an anthropologist who made significant contributions to cultural anthropology. Her research explored the ways in which culture and society shape human behaviour.

88. Crick and Watson (1920-2007, 1928-2007):

James Watson and Francis Crick are credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA, which they famously described as a double helix. Their work revolutionized the field of genetics.

89. César Milstein (1927-2002):

Milstein was an immunologist who co-developed monoclonal antibody technology, a breakthrough with applications in medical research, diagnostics, and therapy.

90. John Dalton (1766-1844):

Dalton was a chemist and physicist who formulated the modern atomic theory, proposing that matter is composed of indivisible atoms with distinct properties.

91. Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782):

Bernoulli was a mathematician and physicist known for his work on fluid dynamics and the Bernoulli principle, which describes the relationship between fluid pressure and speed.

92. Maria Mitchell (1818-1889):

Mitchell was an astronomer who discovered a comet and became the first American woman to work as a professional astronomer. She also promoted women’s education in science.

93. Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040):

Also known as Alhazen, he was a pioneer in optics and experimental scientific methodology. His work laid the foundation for modern optics and the scientific method.

94. Jacques Cousteau (1910-1997):

Cousteau was a marine explorer and inventor who co-developed the Aqua-Lung, which revolutionized underwater exploration. He also raised awareness about marine conservation.

95. Mae Jemison (born 1956):

Jemison is an astronaut and physician, becoming the first African-American woman to travel in space. Her contributions to science include biomedical research and fostering STEM education.

96. Robert Boyle (1627-1691):

Boyle was a chemist and physicist who formulated Boyle’s law, describing the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, which contributed to the understanding of gases.

97. Baroness Karen Blixen (1885-1962):

Blixen, also known as Isak Dinesen, was a Danish author and storyteller who chronicled her experiences as a coffee plantation owner in Kenya, capturing the essence of Africa.

98. George Gamow (1904-1968):

Gamow was a physicist and cosmologist known for his contributions to the understanding of the Big Bang theory and nuclear reactions in stars.

99. Franz Boas (1858-1942):

Boas was an anthropologist known for his advocacy of cultural relativism and his contributions to the field of cultural anthropology, emphasizing the importance of fieldwork.

100. Sally Ride (1951-2012):

Ride was an astronaut and physicist who became the first American woman in space. She later worked in education, promoting science education for young students.

101. Caroline Herschel (1750-1848):

Herschel was an astronomer who made significant contributions to the field. She discovered several comets and was the first woman to be awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.

102. Vint Cerf (born 1943):

Cerf is a computer scientist often referred to as one of the “fathers of the Internet.” He played a key role in the development of the TCP/IP protocol and the architecture of the modern internet.

103. Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895):

Miescher was a biologist who discovered nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. His work laid the foundation for the study of genetics.

104. Edward Teller (1908-2003):

Teller was a physicist known for his contributions to nuclear physics and his involvement in the development of the hydrogen bomb.

105. Lene Hau (born 1959):

Hau is a physicist known for her work on slowing down and stopping light, leading to advances in quantum information processing.

106. Wendell Stanley (1904-1971):

Stanley was a chemist who crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus, proving that viruses are composed of chemicals. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.

107. Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019):

Gell-Mann was a physicist who introduced the concept of quarks as fundamental particles, contributing to the development of the Standard Model of particle physics.

108. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790):

Franklin was a polymath who made important contributions to physics, including the discovery of the nature of electrical charges and the invention of the lightning rod.

109. Alfred Nobel (1833-1896):

Nobel was an inventor and chemist who is best known for inventing dynamite. He established the Nobel Prizes through his will to honor significant contributions to humanity.

110. Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937):

Marconi was an inventor and electrical engineer who is credited with developing and popularizing long-distance radio transmission, leading to the establishment of wireless communication.